Is the Synthetic Fungicide Fosetyl-Al Safe for the Ecotoxicological Models Danio rerio and Enchytraeus crypticus?

Worldwide, pesticides have contaminated the environment, affecting non-target species. The aim of this work was to evaluate effects fosetyl-Al (FOS) on model organisms. Based 3 Rs for animal research and described guidelines, OECD 236 220 were applied with some modifications. FOS test concentrations 0.02–0.2–2–20–200 mg/L Danio rerio 250–500–750–1000–1250 mg/kg Enchytraeus crypticus. Besides standard endpoints, additional endpoints evaluated (D. rerio: behavior biochemical responses; E. crypticus: extension exposure duration (28 d (days) + 28 d) organisms’ sizes). For D. rerio, after 96 h (h), hatching inhibited (200 mg/L), proteins’ content increased (2 20 lipids’ decreased glutathione S-transferase activity and, 120 h, larvae distance swam (20 mg/L). crypticus, d, almost all tested enlarged sizes 56 1250 reproduction. In general, alterations in responses, behavior, growth occurred at lower than observed endpoints. This ecotoxicological assessment showed that may not be considered safe species, only higher predicted environmental (PECs). highlighted importance a multi-endpoint approach assess (eco)toxic contaminants.